The single was released in late September 1997 on Tommy Boy Records. It consists of samples of songs and phrases from popular dance, eurodance and rap recordings, either sport-themed or not, that were released on previous volumes of the Jock Jams compilation series. It appeared on Jock Jams volume 3, even though most of the songs contained in this mix were released on the two previous volumes. Those are mixed in a three-minute megamix fashion, mixed and produced by Rich "DJ Riddler" Pangilinan and Bobby Dedic.
MEGA SAMPLES VOL-97
To compare parasitism and inflammatory process in esophagus and colon from chronic chagasic patients, immunohistochemistry was carried out to research for T. cruzi and to evaluate the inflammatory infiltrate in the muscular and myenteric plexus in 39 esophagi (20 with and 19 without megaesophagus) and 50 colons (25 with and 25 without megacolon). The frequency of T. cruzi in megaesophagus was 20%, and in megacolon it was 4%. No amastigotes were found in organs without mega; considering the total of esophagi (with and without mega), the frequency of T. cruzi would be 10% and 2% in the colon. Myositis and ganglionitis were more frequent and intense in organs with mega compared to those without mega, and in esophagus compared to colon. Qualitatively, inflammatory infiltration in esophagus and colon, with or without mega, was similar, consisting predominantly of T lymphocytes (CD3+), scarce macrophages (CD68+), and rare B lymphocytes (CD20+).
We studied 50 segments of large intestine and 39 segments of esophagus from chronic chagasic patients obtained by surgery (16 colon and 4 esophagus) or autopsies performed at the Department of Surgical Pathology/Special Pathology from the Hospital of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil. On 30 cases from autopsies, it was possible to use the esophagus and colon from the same individual. Of the 39 esophagus studied, 20 displayed mega and 19 had a normal diameter. From the 50 intestines assessed, 25 were carriers of megacolon and the other 25 had a normal caliber.
Amastigotes forms of T. cruzi (Figure 1(a)) were identified in 4 (10%) cases of megaesophagus of a total of 39 esophagus studied. Regarding the colon, a nest of T. cruzi was identified only in 1 (2%) case of megacolon of 50 colon studied. T. cruzi nests were not detected, neither in esophagus or colon without mega.
In cases of mega, fibrosis was observed in muscularis propria and myenteric plexus with a reduced number of neurons (Figure 1(b)). The inflammatory process consisted, in general, predominantly of mononuclear cells, surrounded by scattered eosinophils, few mast cells, and rare plasma cells in both muscular and plexus, either in the esophagus or in the colon, being more pronounced and frequent in megas (Figures 1(c) to 1(e)). Myositis foci with granuloma formation were identified in two cases of megaesophagus and in one case of megacolon (Figure 1(f)); in one case of megaesophagus, granulomas were found in the myenteric plexus. Generally, it was easier to find inflammatory foci in the esophagus rather than in the colon and those foci were more frequent in cases with mega compared to the ones without mega.
Table 1 shows the outcome of the myositis investigation. Myositis was observed in 27 (69%) of 39 esophagus and 23 (46%) of 50 colon, and this difference was statistically significant. Myositis was much more frequent in the organs with mega compared to those without mega, both in esophagus and colon, those differences were statistically significant. Statistical analysis also showed a higher frequency of myositis in esophagus without mega compared to colon without mega. However, although the percentage of myositis was somewhat higher in megaesophagus compared to megacolon (90% versus 76%), this difference was not statistically significant (Table 1).
Table 2 shows the outcome of ganglionitis investigation. Ganglionitis was very common in the esophagus, as with mega and without mega (95% versus 84%), having no statistically significant difference between these groups. However, ganglionitis was more frequent in chagasic patients with megacolon compared to those without megacolon (72% versus 16%), as in the esophagus without mega compared to the colon without mega (84% versus 16%). On the other hand, although the percentage of ganglionitis in megaesophagus has been a little higher than in megacolon (95% versus 72%), the difference was not statistically significant (?=0.0592); however, the ? value so close to 0.05 perhaps may suggest a trend (Table 2).
After the qualitative assessment of the intensity of myositis and ganglionitis in the sections stained with HE and Giemsa, the sections stained by the immunohistochemical technique were examined in order to evaluate the predominant inflammatory cell in the foci. Among the mononuclear cells present in inflammatory foci, there was a strong predominance of CD3+ cells (T lymphocytes), in general, the CD20+ (B lymphocytes) and CD68+ (macrophages) were present in smaller numbers (Figures 2(a) to 2(d)). From the qualitative point of view, the inflammatory infiltrate was similar between the study groups; however, quantitatively, the cases with mega showed more cells in the inflammatory infiltrates. Analyzing the CD68 positive cells in the esophagus, we noticed that several of them seemed to be in the same location where we usually observe mast cells in this organ, which is known rich in these cells. Comparison between the section stained by Giemsa with that stained by immunohistochemistry for CD68 showed that several of these cells were in fact mast cells (Figures 2(e) and 2(f)). This problem was not experienced in colon, possibly because mast cells are scarce in this muscular organ.
Regarding the inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of T. cruzi in histological sections of the esophagus and colon of chronic chagasic patients with and without mega, no studies were found comparing both organs simultaneously. Unfortunately, the paucity of positive cases for T. cruzi in our study did not enable a statistical analysis. However, myositis was more frequent in megaesophagus than in megacolon and, in the organs with mega, compared to the ones without mega, what perhaps may have some relation to parasitism.
As to the scope and frequency of inflammatory foci present in the esophagus and colon of chronic chagasic patients with and without mega, represented by myositis and ganglionitis, our results demonstrate that the inflammatory phenomena varied, being more prominent in the esophagus, especially in cases with mega. A similar comparison has not been seen in the literature. We found in the research from Barbosa and Andrade [13], who have evaluated organs without mega, mentions that the inflammatory foci were more frequent in the esophagus while in the colon they were rare or absent. In some way they could have some relationship with the higher frequency of parasitism in the esophagus to the colon. On the other hand, we might also remember that there are structural differences between the esophagus and colon: (1) there is usually greater amount of mast cells in the esophagus than in the colon, which could favor the intensification of inflammation in the esophagus [22]; (2) the presence of blood vessels in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus of the esophagus, which is not seen in the colon, could encourage primary inflammation in its ganglia [10].
Regarding the immunohistochemical characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate our results showed, in general, that the inflammatory infiltrate of the esophagus and colon from chagasic patients with and without mega are characterized by a strong predominance of T lymphocytes (CD3+), few macrophages (CD68+), and rare B lymphocytes (CD20+), regardless of the organ, the presence or absence of visceromegaly, the intensity of inflammation, and/or being ganglionitis or myositis. However, from the quantitative point of view, the organs with mega showed higher number of inflammatory cells. Similar studies were not found in the literature, which compared esophagus and colon from chagasic patients, as done in this research. Compared to isolated studies in the esophagus, our data are consistent with the literature data [23], in relation to myositis in megaesophagus; they differ, however, from these authors regarding the infiltrate in the myenteric plexus region, considering they report a predominance of macrophage-like cells CD68+ cells at this site. We believe this difference arises from the fact that we analyzed the infiltrate only within the ganglia, not considering the region around it, having that in the connective tissues around the myenteric plexus and in the perimysium there are frequent mast cells in normal esophagus and such cells are also stained by CD68 (Figures 2(e) and 2(f)).
Comparison of our results to data from other studies of colon only, it has been found in agreement with Corbett et al. [24] and da Silveira et al. [5], who also noted a predominance of T lymphocytes (CD3+) compared to B lymphocytes (CD20+) in muscular and myenteric plexus. da Silveira et al. [5] found different results in submucous plexus, where it predominated B lymphocytes (CD20+). In our study, this plexus was not analyzed for several reasons: (1) in mucosa and submucosa are very frequent changes secondary to food/stool stasis (often causing formation of lymphoid follicles), rather than being directly due to Chagas disease, as observed predominantly in muscular tunic and in myenteric plexus; (2) myenteric plexus lesions are more important for emergence of mega [25]; (3) it would not be possible to compare the changes of submucous plexus of the esophagus to the colon, considering that this plexus is almost nonexistent even in normal esophagus [9].
Tissue parasitism is scarce in esophagus and colon in the chronic phase of Chagas disease, being less rare in esophagus with mega. Myositis and ganglionitis are more frequent in the organs with mega when compared to esophagus without mega, and in esophagus compared to colon. While, at a qualitative point of view, the appearance of inflammatory infiltrate is similar with intense predominance of T lymphocytes (CD3+), quantitatively, the organs with mega showed higher number of inflammatory cells in both muscular and myenteric plexus. 2ff7e9595c
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